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So, we have a logging mechanism recording all the actions that are occurring on our database system, writing ahead of the changes to the data page buffer pool to ensure that we have a permanent record of the changes made to the system. During the recovery process, the log records are used to reconstruct the state of the data store to its most current state, meaning all data modifications that succeeded for transactions that had been marked with a COMMIT. Indeed, there are points in time when a database s data is, at least partially, considered stable. The current data pages have been flushed to disk, even if modifications are going on in the background, with the log files picking up any changes before they actually occur in memory. These moments in time are called checkpoints, and they are actually written as special log records in the log file to indicate that all data pages in memory (buffers) at the time of the checkpoint have been flushed to disk (made permanent). In standard checkpointing, it is customary to include in the checkpoint record a list of transaction identifiers that are active (currently executing) at the time the checkpoint occurred. These checkpoints enable the recovery process to reduce the amount of transaction log records it needs to read and use to re-create the database, because they indicate that the state of the secondary storage at the checkpoint is current, except for any uncommitted transactions at the time of the checkpoint.

DrawSprites and DrawText are essentially provided simply for convenience and need not be used if additional functionality is required If several sprite batches are needed with different parameters, for example, and the DrawSprites overload that separates the sprites by texture is not sufficiently flexible, the game class can simply implement its own custom version of this function The code within UpdateAll is more complex than a simple for each loop and it is worth some further exploration, so let s take a look at what it is doing The reason for its complexity is that, when NET is iterating through a collection, GameObjects in this case, the collection is not allowed to be modified in any way Attempting to add an object to, or remove an object from, the collection will result in an immediate exception because, if the order of the object is changed in any way, .

A blob is a collection of pixel coordinates that are close to each other in the image and have a similar color. A blob facilitates feature extraction by collecting related image data together in one place. FindBands only utilizes a single blob feature, the blob s center, which is calculated by dividing the sums of the blob s x and y coordinates by the number of those coordinates: // globals private ArrayList<Point> points; private int numPoints; private int xSum, ySum; // sums of (x,y) coords

you if MySQL is using particular caches effectively. Throughout the course of this book, as the topics dictate, we cover most of the status counters and their various meanings, and provide some insight into how to interpret changes in their values over time.

NET cannot ensure that it hasn t skipped over or double-processed any of the objects A simple way in which we could have worked around this would be to call the collection s ToArray method and iterate over this instead of the collection, as shown in Listing 3 9 Listing 3 9 A simple but flawed approach to iterating over the objects while still allowing collection modifications foreach (GameObjectBase obj in GameObjectsToArray()) { objUpdate(gameTime); } This appears to work very well and meets our objectives: all the objects are updated and each can perform any modification to the collection that it wants It has a flaw, however: every time the loop is prepared, it creates another array of object pointers and as a result consumes a little extra memory.

public Blob() { points = new ArrayList<Points>(); numPoints = 0; xSum = 0; ySum = 0; } // end of Blob() A pixel s proximity to a blob is determined by isClose(): // constant private static final int PROXIMITY = 4;